Profile
Personality Profile
- Addictive Personality
This trait measures whether you have genetic predispositions that would increase your likelihood of having an addictive personality. Addictions can come in a wide range of forms, including food, drugs, alcohol, gambling, pornography, or even fitness/exercise. Addictive personality refers to a particular set of personality traits that make an individual predisposed to developing addictions. Addictions can come in a wide range of forms, including food, drugs, alcohol, gambling, pornography, or even fitness/exercise. In addition to gene DRD2 that is implicated in reduced pleasure response, several other genetic variants have been found to be associated with addictive behaviors such as excessive alcohol consumption and smoking.
- Anger Response
Individuals with higher anger response are more irritable and likely to get angry as a result of unsettling external stimuli. This is partially a result of the sensitivity of the central nervous system and the amygdala to external shocks and can be influenced by your genetics.
- Optimism
Optimism is the ability to see the glass half full and to look at the present and the future through cheerful eyes. It is an important asset for creating energy to move forward in life and is a great coping mechanism for uncertain and tumultuous times like ours. Optimism has been shown to be partly influenced by your genetics. Recent studies have shown that there are genetic variations that contribute to optimism, self-esteem and agency, which can help individuals cope well with stress and avoid depression.
- Morning Person
Chronotype (also referred to as morningness-eveningness or diurnal preference) is the tendency to be an early lark (alert and preferring to be active early in the day) or a late owl (alert and preferring to be active later in the day). Chronotype is determined by circadian rhythms that are a nearly universal feature of living organisms and affect almost every biological process. Numerous studies suggest that genetics significantly contributes to chronotype that has heritability of about 40-60%. This may explain why those of us who are early-to-bed, early-to-rise types, or late-to-bed, late-to-rise types, find it so hard to change our behavior. Owls and larks are the two extremes with most individuals having some flexibility in the timing of their sleep period. Those in the middle are called hummingbirds, and may be ready for action both early and late. Some hummingbirds are more larkish, and others, more owlish. A recent study of nearly 90,000 people found genetic variations associated with being a morning person. Around 10% of people are primarily larks. Whether you are a lark (a morning person) or an owl (an evening person) is influenced by your genetics. Knowing if you are a morning person and would be most productive during morning hours could help you organize your life such that your most creative tasks are scheduled in the morning.
- Impulsivity
Impulsivity can be defined as rapid, unplanned behavior with little forethought of the consequences. Some impulsivity contributes to optimal decision-making and it is advantageous in certain situations. However, high levels of impulsivity are linked to risky behaviors that may result in adverse consequences. Impulsivity is related to novelty and excitement seeking. The behavioral consequences of impulsivity are more common among adolescents and young adults, who are generally more likely to be impulsive and seeking excitement. In addition, male subjects tend to score higher on measures of impulsivity and excitement-seeking compared with female subjects, a pattern observed in countries around the world. Like other personality traits, impulsivity is a multidimensional construct: it is generally assessed by self-report questionnaires.
- Warrior Personality
Warrior have better stress resiliency, and higher pain threshold. In some circumstances, the warrior personality is associated with aggressiveness and violence when combined with trauma, drugs, or alcoholism. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with two enzymes, MAOA and COMT that determine the levels of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in our reactions, moods and emotions. The MAOA has even been nicknamed the warrior gene and drew international attention a decade ago when it was reported that a common genetic variation to occur more common in Maori — the indigenous Polynesians of New Zealand — than in whites. A recent study demonstrated that Finnish criminals convicted of several violent crimes possessed this variant more frequently than nonviolent controls. Interestingly, a smaller study reported that the warrior genes often linked with aggression and alpha-male behavior in men might actually be the happiness genes for women.
- Worrier Personality
Worriers are more exploratory, have lower pain threshold and enhanced vulnerability to stress. They often give up when the going gets tough. Yet they may be more efficient processing information under most conditions. On a biochemical level, worrier personality is associated with lower COMT enzyme activity.
- Exploratory Behavior
Exploratory behavior, or Novelty Seeking, is one of 4 temperaments according to the Cloninger’s model of personality. The other three are Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence. Exploratory behavior reflects the tendency to respond strongly to novelty and cues for reward. Explorers have the tendency to crave stimulation and thrills; they tend to be attracted by large crowds and bright colors. Interestingly, exploratory behavior is influenced by specific neurotransmitter pathways in the brain and it has a heritable genetic component.
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Personality
Learning Personality
- Memory Performance
Human memory is the result of many distinct mental processes, such as memory encoding, forgetting, and modulation of memory strength by various stimuli. Memory has large inter-individual variability and substantial heritability. It depends on many genetic factors (it is a polygenic trait) and only a few of them have been characterized so far. We test 3 genetic variations that account for episodic memory (ability to recall words and pictures) that have recently been identified. Genetic variation in the BAIAP2 gene is related to negative emotional modulation of human memory strength. People who carry the minor A allele of rs8067235 variant performed significantly better in recalling negative images compared to neutral pictures, while carriers of the major allele did not demonstrate any difference. Carriers of KIBRA rs17070145 T allele had 25% better free recall performance 5 min after word presentation and 20% better free recall performance 24 hours after word presentation than did non-carriers.
- Creativity
Several lines of evidence suggest that genetics contributes to creativity potential estimating that over 30% of the creativity is heritable. Studies explored genetic background of general creativity that includes visual, verbal, scientific, technical or physical fields. An interesting result is that DRD2 and COMT genes that are involved in dopamine transmission may act in coordination to contribute to creativity. The neuregulin 1 gene (NRG1) is associated with creativity in people with high intellectual and academic performance. The same gene has also been implicated in increased risk of psychological problems
- Experiential Learning Impairment
An exciting study published in the Science magazine in 2007 with the title "Genetically determined differences in learning from errors" looked at the role of neurotransmitter called dopamine in feedback-based learning and monitoring negative action. The experimental set-up involved neuroimaging brains of volunteers while they were involved in a probabilistic learning task. The goal was to find out whether genetic variant in the dopamine D2 receptor gene has any effect on how people learned. The polymorphism in question is quite common and it often referred as DRD2-TAQ-IA (rs1800497). This polymorphism is known to modulate dopamine D2 receptor density. The less common A1 allele is associated with a reduction in D2 density by up to 30%. Neuroimaging study demonstrated that the A1-allele carriers with reduced dopamine D2 receptor densities learned to avoid actions with negative consequences less efficiently. Their posterior medial frontal cortex that is involved in feedback monitoring, responded less to negative feedback than others did. So, in addition to higher risk of addictive behaviors, the carriers of the risk A1 allele demonstrate decreased sensitivity to negative action consequences, which may actually explain an increased risk of developing addictive behaviors. In other words, risk allele carriers are generally worse at avoiding the same errors. This may have various implications in their learning style.
- Mathematical Aptitude
Were you the one in the class who was quick to grasp all the math concepts in no time, the one who preferred the dentist’s chair to doing a math problem, or somewhere in between? Your math aptitude of course depends on your family environment, the quality of your schooling and many other environmental factors. But research suggests that some people are naturally good at math, whereas other may need to put in extra effort to become good at it. There are known genetic variations that seem to contribute to the overall mathematical aptitude of individuals. Interestingly, about half of these genetic contributions are shared by individuals who are also good at reading comprehension.
- Reading Aptitude
Reading ability measures the processing and comprehension capacity of written language. Often, significant similarities can be observed among family members with regards to reading ability. While there is definitely an environmental and social component, research has shown that genetics and heredity plays a major role in the ability of people to process written language. There are known genetic variations that seem to contribute to the overall reading ability of individuals. Interestingly, about half of these genetic contributions are shared by individuals who are also good at mathematical aptitude. Another interesting finding is that genetic variations associated with reading abilities in English and Chinese overlap.
- Music Performance Aptitude
Were you born with an inherent talent to be a musician? Musical aptitude has been shown to be influenced by certain genetic variations. Individuals with specific genetic variations have been shown to perform higher on the Bentley Musical Aptitude Test, which is used to assess a student's aural capacity before learning an instrument.
- Musical Creativity
Musical creativity is the ability to create new forms of music and is most common associated with composition and improvisation within music. This is a different ability than music performance, as performers often stress accuracy, whereas composers stress novelty and out of the box creativity. From scientific point of view, musical creativity is a complex phenotype where a common background with musicality and intelligence has been proposed. A study of nearly 500 individuals from 79 families reported on genetics associated with music related creativity. Individuals with music aptitude who were engaged in arranging and composing music were found to possess certain genetic variants more frequently than controls, where some controls were playing various music instruments and other were not engaged in music activities at all. While this is a small study, their analysis suggested the involvement of cerebellar long-term pathway that controls brain plasticity and memory, facilitating the acquisition of novel information.
Characteristics
Interpersonal Characteristics
- Empathy
Empathy is defined as the capacity to understand and share the actions, emotions and intentions of others. It is an important driver of human social behaviors and it has genetic component (as social interactions were linked to survival during evolution). We test for genetic variations in two genes, OXTR and BDNF. The OXTR gene codes for oxytocin receptor that relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans. Oxytocin is a powerful neurotransmitter and it is sometimes referred to as the cuddle or love hormone. It is connected to such life-affirming activities as maternal behavior, lactation, social bonding and sexual pleasure. Individuals with certain OXTR genotype performed better on the empathy test, feel less lonely, employ more sensitive parenting techniques. Genetic variation in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has also been found to affect empathy and social perception: people with some alleles present more reactivity to emotional stimuli. Studies also found that culture is an important moderator that shapes behavioral outcomes associated with OXTR and BDNF genotypes.
- Sociability
Sociability is a complex, multidimensional construct. As humans we all have a universal need for interpersonal relationships. Many people maintain rich social connections, boasting high-contact relations across numerous family members, co-workers and friends, while others possess only a few close relationships, and in some instances, are largely socially isolated. Ability to form and maintain these bonds is commonly characterized along two dimensions, social integration and social support. Social integration reflects how extensively individuals are embedded in a social context, both by quantity of social contacts and diversity of social roles, whereas social support refers to the various types of assistance (e.g. emotional and tangible) that people may receive from others or perceive to be available from others. Individual differences in social integration and quality of social support have been shown to be substantially heritable. Up to 70% for pro-social behaviors, including factors such as empathy, degree of social integration, availability of confidants, friend/relative social support is heritable. This implies that as individuals we are endowed with certain traits that affect our ability to form and maintain close relationships with others. Studies (of people of European, Asian, and African descent) have demonstrated that variability in social behavior is at least partly determined by genetic variations in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) that is also associated with empathy trait. In addition, pro-social tendencies are modulated by variants in the CLOCK gene. Interestingly, genetic variations in the CLOCK gene are strongly associated with being an evening person as well as an emotional eater.
- Extraversion
Most people believe that an extrovert is a person who is friendly and outgoing. While that may be true, that is not the true meaning of extroversion. Basically, an extrovert is a person who is energized by being around other people. This is the opposite of an introvert who is energized by being alone. Extroversion is heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. It is one of the Big Five personality traits (together with openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Meta-analysis of several studies reported several genetic variations that are significantly associated with Extroversion.
- Leadership Potential
Were you born to lead? Leadership, and in particular charismatic leadership, is partially influenced by our genetics. Genetic differences are significantly associated with the likelihood that people take on leadership positions. While some leadership skills can definitely be learned and/or honed, there are genetic variations that are associated with the passing of leadership ability down through generations.
- Agreeableness
Agreeableness is a personality trait manifesting itself in individual behavioral characteristics that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm and considerate. It is one of the Big Five personality traits. A person with a high level of agreeableness in a personality test is usually warm, friendly, and tactful. They generally have an optimistic view of human nature and get along well with others. We learn agreeableness within our family structures and the social environments we grow up with. However research shows that agreeableness is partially influenced by our genetics. Interestingly, the agreeableness has been shown to be correlated with morningness. Indeed, the morningness allele of the circadian gene CLOCK is significantly associated with agreeableness.
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